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AEG
organised a training course on Remote Sensing for Earth Resources during 8-20,
November, 1993 at NRSA, Hyderabad with Dr. D.P.Rao, Director, NRSA and
Past-President, AEG as the course director. Other Senior Scientists of NRSA
actively participated in the organisation of the course. The material that was
given to the course participants was found to be of immense scientific value.
It was felt by all the concerned that, the material should be published in the
form of a book as it contributes to the knowledge in earth sciences. Following
this the authors were asked to edit their lecture notes to fit into a textbook
for beginners as well as professionals in the field. The first edition of the
monograph was published in 1995 and was very well received by the earth science
community. Many of the readers felt the need to include a chapter on Remote
Sensing Applications in Groundwater. Accordingly, in the second edition, a
chapter entitled Remote Sensing in Groundwater Studies by Dr.P.R. Reddy, NRSA
has been included.
The
material in the this volume is divided into twelve chapters. The book deals
with the theoretical aspects of remote sensing and its practices in detail. The
various geophysical applications of remote sensing are discussed elaborately.
The other remote sensing applications which border earth sciences like Ocean
Resource Surveys, Land Use and Land Cover, Soils and Agriculture, Forestry and
environment and an integrated study of sustainable development are discussed
with the help of case histories. The present volume will prove to be of immense
value to practicing earth scientists.
Year
of Publication : 1999
AEG Publication No. 41
Number of Pages : 212
Book Size : 21cm x 27.5 cm
Price : Rs. 500 + 50* (in India)
US$ 50 + 5* (abroad)
* Postage and packing
Published
by & Copies can be had from
Association of Exploration Geophysicists
12-13-157, Street No.2, Tarnaka
Hyderabad - 500 017, India
Ph : +91-040-701 4762, 27000 392; Telefax : +91-040-27171383
Email: aegind@yahoo.com
Web : www.aegindia.org
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
ORBIT AND SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ASPECTS OF EARTH SATELLITES
Classification of Satellites; Terminology-Definitions; Mass-Gravitational Force
Calculations; Sun-Synchronous Characteristics and life of the orbit; Repetivity
and Swath Width
Chapter 2
PHYSICS OF REMOTE SENSING, ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS AND
REMOTE SENSING SENSORS
Electromagnetic Spectrum; Radiation Laws; Planck’s Law; Stefan-Boltzmann Law;
Wien’s Displacement Law; Blackbody and Realbody Radiation; Atmospheric effects
in Remote Sensing; Contrast and illumination effect on Human Vision;
Interaction of Earth surface features with EMR ; Interaction of Visible, Near
Infrared and Middle Infrared wavelengths with terrain features - conceptual
aspects; Spectral characteristics of vegetation, water and soil; Interaction of
thermal Infrared wavelengths with terrain features-conceptual aspects;
Interaction of Microwaves with Earth’s surface; Remote Sensing Observation
Platforms; Airborne Platforms; Space Based Platforms; Characteristics of Remote
Sensors; Microwave Sensors; False Colour Composite
Chapter 3
MULTISPECTRAL SENSORS
Multispectral Remote Sensing; Multiband Cameras; Limitations of Cameras;
Multiband Video Cameras; Constraints of Video Cameras; Opto-mechanical
Scanners; Modular Multispectral Scanner; Characteristics of MSS; Constraints of
Multispectral Scanners; Landsat Multispectral Scanner; Thematic Mapper; Linear
Imaging Self Scanning Sensors (LISS)
Chapter 4
MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
Microwave Radiometers; Side looking Airborne Radar; Synthetic Aperture Radar;
Wind Scatterometer; Radar Polarimetry; Radar Interferometry
Chapter 5
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
A) DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES:
Introduction to Digital Image processing; The Characteristics of Digital
Images; Pixel Parameters; Image Processing Techniques Applied to Satellite
Imagery; Image Reduction; Image Magnification; Image Enhancement; Contrast
Enhancement; Ratioing; Principal Component Analysis (PCA); Filtering
Techniques; Discrete Linear Operations; Spatial Smoothing Operators; Spatial
Sharpening Operators; Edge Detection; Edge Detection – Operators; Directional
Filters; Frequency Domain Filtering; Classification/Pattern Recognition;
Supervised Classification; Training site selection and extraction of
statistics; Classification Algorithms
B) DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS:
Configuration of digital analysis system : hardware and software; Image
processing system characteristics; Number of analysts and mode of operation;
Centre processing unit, arithmetic co-processor and random access memory;
Operating system and compiler; Mass storage; Display resolution; Colour
resolution; Software
Chapter 6
GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Fundamentals of geological-image interpretation; Image Elements; Terrain
Elements; Collateral Data; Remote Sensing for Lithological Discrimination and
Geological Mapping; Spectral signature of rocks; Interpretation process;
Significance of drainage analysis; Criteria for lithologic discrimination;
Sedimentary Rocks; Metamorphic Rocks; Criteria for structural mapping; Use of
thermal infrared and microwave data in geological mapping; Case study; cope of
research in future; Application of Thermal Remote Sensing in Geology; Basic
Concepts; Thermal Properties of Material; Atmospheric Windows for Thermal
Infrared Remote Sensing; Interpretation of Thermal Infrared Images; Application
of Single Band Thermal Infrared data; Multispectral Thermal Infrared Data;
Multi variate statistics and mathematical modelling for mineral exploration;
Data base generation; Data base structure; Analysis; Case Study; Oil field
detection through remote sensing; Exploration problems and parameters; Airborne
Geophysical Surveys
Chapter 7
REMOTE SENSING FOR OCEAN RESOURCES
Need for remote sensing of oceans; Need of Ocean Resources Survey; Scarcity of
Resources on Land; Wealth of Ocean Living Resources; Role of Remote Sensing For
Exploitation of Ocean Resources; Remote Sensing for Primary Productivity
estimations; Remote Sensing - Fishery Resources; Location of Fishing Grounds;
Indian Experience in Identifying Potential Fishing Zones; SST Generation;
Preparation of Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Maps; PFZ forecast Dissemination;
PFZ Forecast Validation; Future Indian Programme for monitoring Ocean Resources
Chapter 8
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR SURVEY, MAPPING AND MONITORING OF LAND USE/LAND
COVER
Status of Availability of Land Use/Land Cover Information; The Satellite Remote
Sensing Approach; IRS-1A & IRS-1B Imagery; Thematic Mapper (TM) Imagery;
Remote Sensing Application for Land Use/Land Cover; Limitation of Satellite
Data; Review of Work Done on Land Use/Land Cover; Data Base; Methodology for
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping; Phases in Interpretation and mapping of Land
use/Land cover using Satellite imagery; Land use pattern in Andhra Pradesh,
India.
Chapter 9
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR STUDIES ON SOILS AND AGRICULTURE
Development of Satellite Remote Sensing for Soil Studies; Spectral Behaviour of
Soils; Soil Categorisation Using Multispectral Data; Visual Image
Interpretation; Computer aided approach; Mapping of Land Degradation;
Monitoring Soil and Land Resources; Erosion Assessment; Watershed Management;
Crop Acreage Estimation; Crop Condition / Stress Assessment; Crop yield
prediction; Agricultural Water Management
Chapter 10
REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION TO FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT
Loss of Biological Diversity; Biosphere Reserves; The Present Issues on
Environment; Ecologically Hot Spot Areas; Marine Environment; Wetland
Environment; Degradation of Ecosystems; Forestry; Forest Cover Mapping and
Surveillance; Forest Type Mapping; Identification and Mapping of Major Forest
Plantations; Forest Stock Mapping; Monitoring of Deforestation and
Afforestration; Grassland Mapping; Environmental Applications; Forest Ground
Fire Damage Assessment; Coastal Vegetation/ Coral Reefs Mapping; Shifting
Cultivation; Wild-life Habitat Assessment; Wastelands; Environmental Impact
Assessment of Major River Valley Projects; Impact of Mining on Environment;
Desertification; Identification and Mapping of Dessert Locust Breeding Centres;
Use of Space Technology in Disaster Warning/Mitigation; Air Pollution; Climatic
Change and Greenhouse Gases; Atmospheric Aerosols; Study of Atmospheric Winds -
MST Radar; Geosphere - Biosphere Studies
Chapter 11
REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN INTEGRATED STUDY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Methodology; Case Study
Chapter 12
REMOTE SENSING IN GROUNDWATER STUDIES
Ground Water Prospects Mapping; The Concept; Factors Controlling the Ground
Water Regime; Lithologic Mapping; Mapping Geological Structures;
Geomorphological Mapping; Hydrologic Information and Recharge to Groundwater;
Classification Systems; Preparation of Groundwater Prospective Zones Map;
Legend and colour scheme; Ground Water Resource Estimation and budgetting;
Water level Fluctuation Method; Rainfall Infiltration Method; Ground Water
Draft Estimation; Ground Water Balance and Stage of Development; Systematic
Planning and Development of Ground Water; Identification and Mapping of
Over-Exploited Zones; Augmentation of Ground Water Resource; Identification of
Areas for Conservation of Ground Water; Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground
Water; Optimal Utilisation and Management of Ground water; Monitoring Ground
Water Development and Utilisation
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